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from the mosquito and also the human point of view. how did malaria affect selective pressure as well

Natural selection is the outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among variant individuals in a population through the generations. Explain in terms of the four parts of natural selection listed below how a population of mosquitoes can become resistant to a pesticide: overproduction - variation - competition survival - differential reproduction

why do many towns no longer routinely spray insecticides to kill mosquitoes during summer months?

The formulation of special definitions results in many disjointed, conflicting theories parading as a unified theory. For example, in one context evolutionists will argue that female mosquitos are bigger than the males because the female is responsible for egg-laying and the male only has to contribute a little sperm, so bigger females make for greater reproductive success. But in another context, evolutionists will argue that male lions are bigger than the females because the bigger males have greater dominance over other males in the mating game and therefore they will mate with more females and pass on their genes. Both stories sound plausible in isolation, but they ‘explain’ contradictory states of affairs and so have no value in prediction. Such special definitions, or story-telling, do not add up to make a valid scientific theory. Special definitions, which are measurable, testable and explanatory, are only true for special cases and do not provide any unifying theory to explain adaptation in general. The arguments woven into the discussion of natural selection are fascinating: the way in which evolutionists choose from a smorgasbord of competing and conflicting theories in attempts to explain adaptation. Hi there! Just a little note...... Similarity makes life look like the work of one designer, while diversity makes life difficult to explain by naturalistic processes okay Hi there. Hey nothing but the truth guy down there An optimal mixture is the one that maximizes the available micro-states and hence the entropy. The change in entropy is so great that the number of available micro-states is maximized when the universe exists only as water. The number of micro-states is a property of a system and its surroundings, and as such, in many reactions the total number of micro-states does not change, but as unavailable micro-states become accessible to more atoms and electrons, the number of available micro-states increases. Macroevolution ....pleassssssse. okay Hi there! Special definitions, which are measurable, testable and explanatory, are only true for special cases and do not provide any unifying theory to explain adaptation in general. okay Hi there. Natural selection is highly efficient or inefficient as the case demands: it could not get rid of the wasteful production of nectar by dandelions, but it supposedly got rid of the keen sense of smell of apes as they evolved into humans (not to mention the ability to synthesise ascorbic acid). Organisms could not evolve a second time, and if they did, it would refute Darwinism . But some foraminifera have re-appeared in the fossil record after disappearing, and knowing this, naturalists say ‘evolution does not assume or require nonrepeatability’. Evolutionary theory is so plastic it can conform to any data. okay

What is the down side of extinction? Natural selection causes extinction. We are humans, a factor of natural selection. So are mosquitos, birds, trees, different environments and conditions, etc, we are all part of natural selection. What is wrong with extinction? Just want to see if I can be convinced otherwise.

I'm a Christian. I believe that God is the supreme creator. I believe in evolution. Natural selection is like this: Say you had 10,000 mosquitoes put into a room. Then you spray pesticide to kill them. However, out of the original 10,000, 200 of them survive. They survive because they have a gene defect that makes them immune to the pesticide used. Because these 200 are the only ones left, they will reproduce and repopulate the room with more mosquitoes. Each and every one of these mosquitoes will have the same special gene that makes them immune to the pesticide, since they inherited it from their parents, who passed on the gene. This means that if the pesticide was sprayed again, all the remaining mosquitoes and their offspring would be immune. This makes the species stronger, and more immune to environmental factors that would have otherwise killed them all. That's where the saying "survival of the fittest" comes from. Only the organisms that are equipped to survive the best will survive. The weaker organisms will die off from various environmental factors. This makes the species as a whole stronger and more durable. That is what it means for a species to evolve. Natural selection is not really something you can argue about. It's just something that HAPPENS, regardless of whether you want it to or not. Ignoring this fact is pure ignorance on your part. Besides, how is acceptance of this an automatic conflict with belief in God? I'm Christian, but I am not blinded by my belief in God so much that I stubbornly refuse to accept this fact of life. Scientific evolutionism CAN coexist with theistic creationism. As long as God put the whole thing in motion (but allowed things to evolve from there), there would be no conflict between science and theology. Even the Big Bang Theory can make sense in the picture! Did you know that the Big Bang Theory was hypothesized by an ordained Christian minister? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre So, why do people "believe in" or "not believe in" evolution? It's something that's going on in your body right now! You can't "argue" about it". That's like having an argument over whether there is a sun. Hebe00 - The account written in Genesis is a parabole, not historical fact. The Bible conveys religious truth. It is NOT a history textbook. parabole = parable. Sorry! typo. Bruce - Not all Darwinists are/ become atheists. I "believe in" evolution and natural selection, yet I still view God as the ultimate and supreme creator. Of course I believe that God is the one who truly creates the new life! Without God's intervention, there is no reason why the fertilized egg cell would become a complete, independent, new organism, separate from its mother. After all, body cells undergo meiosis and mitosis all the time, yet it is only during the process of sexual fertilization that a completely new organism forms. Like Catholic teaching, I believe that God creates this new life at the moment of conception (fertilization of the egg cell). --continued-- But something special happens during fertilization: a new life is formed!... But why? Without God’s divine miracle of creation, there is no reason to believe that the fertilization process would result in a product any different than the product of meiosis and mitosis. What makes the fertilization process different, in that an entirely new organism forms from this process? I believe that God directly intercedes here, to create a new human life, at the moment of conception (therefore I am adamantly against abortion). Without God, the human reproduction system would just make yet another simple body cell. It is God who makes the fertilized cell an independent lifeform. However, this does not discount evolutionism. Genetic traits can still be passed on from cell to cell, just as it is during meiosis and mitosis. And these genes can and do change (evolve), sometimes leading to change in a species; sometimes leading to an entirely new species; because of: 1. Environmental factors, which can change chromosomal genetic information. 2. The crossing-over process during meiosis, in which genes of different chromosomes cross their genetic information. Over time, either of these factors can gradually change the genes of a species to ultimately fit the organisms’ changing environmental surroundings. Bear in mind that evolution from species to species takes several million years; it is a VERY gradual process. The historical time in which a species can be defined to have officially “changed” can be heavily debated, as changes happen over long periods of time. Only when viewing the very big picture can we see the full extent of the genetic change. --continued-- Oops; sorry; another typo. ^^All of the above is my response to Bruce.^^

Yeah....I've been wondering for a while now. Do we consider "evolution" FACT or THEORY still?? I mean, if it is a theory, then it's a VERY strongly supported theory...more importantly, the only plausible theory that mankind so far came up with. Also, the concept of "Natural Selection"...is Natural Selection just another way of saying Evolution?? Or is one of these guys a piece of the other?? Anyways, I KNOW that Natural Selection have been actively observed by mankind before. For example, mosquitoes, viruses, and bacterias have been observed to becoming immune to chemicals and drugs we use to combat them. So does the above example PROVE that Natural Selection/Evolution is fact?? Or does it just further strengthen it's credibility as a Theory? Lastly, if NaturalSelection/Evolution is STILL a theory, WHAT must be done in order for it to become a FACT?? How many evidence does it need? How do we upgrade something from a THEORY into a FACT?? Especially something like Evolution....

"Every autumn, pitcher-plant mosquitoes go into diapause, their equivalent of hibernation. The process is fixed by the creature's genes and triggered when daylight hours drop below a certain level. But scientists at the University of Oregon have recently discovered a change in the habits of Wyeomyia smithii. Over the past three decades, the insect has delayed its diapause for longer and longer, as the North American climate has heated up. And that is highly significant, author Elizabeth Kolbert writes in Field Notes From a Catastrophe. Daylight hours have not changed in the last 30 years, so the only alteration that can account for this delayed diapause is a genetic one. Natural selection is shaping Wyeomyia smithii so it can take advantage of our warming planet. 'Global warming has begun to drive evolution,' she states." This is a pretty clear example of evolution. What are your thoughts? http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/scienceandnature/story/0,,1784463,00.html

1 What broad set of ideas was established by the work of Lamarck, Lyell, and Darwin? A.Fixed (unchanging) species live on an Earth that is about 6,000 years old. B.Life evolves through inheritance of mutations in DNA. CEarth and its life are ancient and ever-changing; fossils document the evolution of life-forms over time. DAs shown by fossils, life evolves. All changes have occurred within the past 6,000 years the age of Earth. ELife evolves through the inheritance of alleles that are passed down to offspring as particles. 2. Which of the following lists of assumptions was part of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? A1. Earth and its life are very old. 2. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. 3. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 4. Mutation rates were higher in the past than they are now. B1. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 2. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 3. There is little genetic variability. 4. Organisms vary in heritable ways. C1. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 2. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 3. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 4. Mutations directly cause the changes in species. D1. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 2. The strongest organisms will have the most offspring. 3. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 4. Organisms vary in heritable ways. E1. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 2. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 3. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 4. Earth and its life are very old. 3.An adaptation is _____. Aan individual's attempt to conform to its environment Ba heritable trait that confers a reproductive advantage on the individual possessing it Ca variable allele that changes expression in response to the environment Da trait that is seldom expressed Ea characteristic that no longer has a function for the organism in its current environment 4. Which one of the following contradicts Darwin's views? AEarth is about 6,000 years old. BMany more offspring are produced than can survive. CWhen breeders select for specific traits, these become fixed in future generations. DSome individuals leave more descendants than other individuals. EIn a population of organisms, individuals differ from each other, and many of these differences can be inherited. 5. A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to specific insecticides that once were effective in killing them. Biologists believe that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because _____. Aindividual mosquitoes built up an immunity to an insecticide after being exposed to it Bmosquitoes needed to develop insecticide resistance to survive after the insecticide was used Ca few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was used. These survived to reproduce and are now the norm in populations that have been exposed to the chemical Dmosquitoes just keep getting stronger the more we try to control them Emosquitoes are exceedingly clever

IN THE YEAR 2525 Humans, after hundreds of years of constant effort, have successfully polluted all bodies of water on Earth. As a result, almost all previously known species of plant, animal, and other life have become extinct. Through natural selection, genetic engineering, and selective breeding programs, a portion of the Earth has been successfully repopulated. The following organisms are all that remain: 1. Photosynthetic sun-basking sharks. Their green fins have chlorophyll to convert sunlight to energy (autotrophs) 2. Chemosynthetic goldfish that convert pollution to food (autotrophs) 3. Aquatic humanoids whose main diet is aqua-wheat and basking sharks. They have fins instead of legs (heterotrophs) 4. Aqua-wheat: one of the few plants that remain, it is similar to algae. 5. Terrestrial Humanoids with 4 arms, their diet consists of butter-roaches and fuzzy hamsters. 6. Tentacled aqua humanoids, they only feed on aqua-wheat and have tentacles for arms and legs. 7. Cockroaches that feed on humanoid waste. 8. Giant Aqua-spiders that live in water and feed on goldfish and basking sharks. 9. Green-haired rats that are photosynthetic. 10. Parasitic mosquitoes that feed off any humanoid 11. Ten-legged fleas that live on the photosynthetic rats and drink blood. 12. Poison Grass - this plant is a hybrid between grass and poison ivy. The plants are toxic to almost everything (autotrophs) 13. Fuzzy hamsters with green hair that use the sunlight to make their food, thought to be related to the rats. 14. Butter-roaches: genetic engineering created these butterfly-like creatures from cockroaches. Butter-roaches eat poison grass. YOUR ASSIGNMENT 1. As an alien taxonomist, it is your responsibility to classify these existing organism types. a. Create a taxonomic scheme using only kingdom, phylum, genus, and species. The intermediate categories have been eliminated since the total number of species has been drastically reduced. (Two Kingdoms are recommended). Use the numbers of each organism to identify where they are placed on your chart. b. Create Latin-sounding names for each organism. Remember, these will be scientific names and will include the genus and species classification. Written in this form: Genus species 2. Illustrate your interpretation of each organism's appearance. Write the number and the name (from 1b) next to the drawing. 3. Prepare a dichotomous key for these organisms so that your fellow aliens can identify them when they come to Earth for their summer vacations. Remember that a dichotomous key is based on APPEARANCE of the organisms. Use your drawings to make the key we haven't learnt how to classify/name them, so a few examples would be appreciated... PLEASE HELP ME!!!!!!!!!!!! IM IN DESPERATE NEED OF HELP!!!!!!!!1

a cause. So I'm reading A book, on genetics... which I mentioned above. I have a problem with how Bryan Sykes (the author) explains how mutations happen randomly with no cause, and mutations are not influenced by environment. Natural selection gets rid of all the mutations that are not favoured. So my problem is: Apparently the geographical areas where haemoglobin diseases are most prevalent are those areas where malaria is most prevalent. The reason why this gene mutation occurred was random apparently (or this is how it seems in the book) and the reason why only these people (with the gene mutation) survived in places where there was malaria was because of this gene, because people with this gene have a greater resistance to malaria. But if the gene arose randomly why would it still be around places where there is malaria and die out in places where there is not. He explains that some places in Polynesia, there aren't people with this mutation because they can't be infected with malaria because of the altitude... BUT THEY ALL CAME FROM ASIA WHERE THIS DISEASE WAS PRESENT EVERYWHERE, HOW DID IT DIE OUT JUST BECAUSE THERE WEREN'T MOSQUITOES PRESENT? wouldn't this mean these gene mutation occurred BECAUSE OF THE MALARIA? Something else that relates to random mutation. Why are there different skin colours living in places where they are most suited. I can't understand how it is just by chance that white people are 'designed' to absorb more sun rays, and black people are 'designed' to resist it. Wouldn't it make sense that people changed colour (I know about melanin please don't explain it to me) BECAUSE of geographical location, and not just happened to survive there because the surroundings favoured their phenotypes? Anyway, why would white people not be able to live in sunny Africa? It's not at all life threatening to the point of extinction is it? I don't know if I'm explaining this right. I just don't understand the random mutation theory. I'd get it if adaptation had a cause, but not if it was random.

IN THE YEAR 2525 Humans, after hundreds of years of constant effort, have successfully polluted all bodies of water on Earth. As a result, almost all previously known species of plant, animal, and other life have become extinct. Through natural selection, genetic engineering, and selective breeding programs, a portion of the Earth has been successfully repopulated. The following organisms are all that remain: 1. Photosynthetic sun-basking sharks. Their green fins have chlorophyll to convert sunlight to energy (autotrophs) 2. Chemosynthetic goldfish that convert pollution to food (autotrophs) 3. Aquatic humanoids whose main diet is aqua-wheat and basking sharks. They have fins instead of legs (heterotrophs) 4. Aqua-wheat: one of the few plants that remain, it is similar to algae. 5. Terrestrial Humanoids with 4 arms, their diet consists of butter-roaches and fuzzy hamsters. 6. Tentacled aqua humanoids, they only feed on aqua-wheat and have tentacles for arms and legs. 7. Cockroaches that feed on humanoid waste. 8. Giant Aqua-spiders that live in water and feed on goldfish and basking sharks. 9. Green-haired rats that are photosynthetic. 10. Parasitic mosquitoes that feed off any humanoid 11. Ten-legged fleas that live on the photosynthetic rats and drink blood. 12. Poison Grass - this plant is a hybrid between grass and poison ivy. The plants are toxic to almost everything (autotrophs) 13. Fuzzy hamsters with green hair that use the sunlight to make their food, thought to be related to the rats. 14. Butter-roaches: genetic engineering created these butterfly-like creatures from cockroaches. Butter-roaches eat poison grass. YOUR ASSIGNMENT 1. As an alien taxonomist, it is your responsibility to classify these existing organism types. a. Create a taxonomic scheme using only kingdom, phylum, genus, and species. The intermediate categories have been eliminated since the total number of species has been drastically reduced. (Two Kingdoms are recommended). Use the numbers of each organism to identify where they are placed on your chart. b. Create Latin-sounding names for each organism. Remember, these will be scientific names and will include the genus and species classification. Written in this form: Genus species 2. Illustrate your interpretation of each organism's appearance. Write the number and the name (from 1b) next to the drawing. 3. Prepare a dichotomous key for these organisms so that your fellow aliens can identify them when they come to Earth for their summer vacations. Remember that a dichotomous key is based on APPEARANCE of the organisms. Use your drawings to make the key 4. Diagram a food web using the organisms - at least four organisms should be used in your diagram.

The Transitional Forms produced by Evolutionists since Darwin have all been classified as FRAUDS or mistakes once they were finally examined by unbiased scientists. The list is long and growing. http://www.evolution-facts.org/Evolution-handbook/E-H-13a.htm Having never found any proof of genuine evolution, some have devised a new strategy of changing definitions of words like 'species' and 'natural selection'. Now if you get a suntan in California, but ar white as a ghost in northern Alaska, according to current definitions on www.talkorigins.com you have evolved. But the old standard given in the Bible for kinds/species is their ability to reproduce. Can a sun deprived Alaskan have children with a sun tanned beauty from California? Can the dogs or mosquitoes that Talk Origins uses as examples no longer breed within their species. If they can, then they have not 'evolved'. If they cannot, then they are a dying breed the moment they 'evolve'. Ms. Uncola -- no on the Creationist website, the author QUOTES FROM UNBIASED SOURCES that point to the fraud in evolution. So what, only evolutionists are allowed to quote scientific studies now? How biased and bigoted of an attitude is that? Russj -- that was very well written. You should write professionally. Tabula rasa - I am quoting from the website and wrote the question based upon the inference from a pro-evolutionists about the speciation's impact on the PROOF of the evolutionary theory. I think you are the one who is confused. Molly S -- You hit the nail right on the head.

*NOTE* i only need help, not someone to do it for me.... just a some help. → i dont know how to make a dichotomous key → the paper as i have it is below _________________________________________________________ Taxonomy Project IN THE YEAR 2525 Humans, after hundreds of years of constant effort, have successfully polluted all bodies of water on Earth. As a result, almost all previously known species of plant, animal, and other life have become extinct. Through natural selection, genetic engineering, and selective breeding programs, a portion of the Earth has been successfully repopulated. The following organisms are all that remain: 1. Photosynthetic sun-basking sharks. Their green fins have chlorophyll to convert sunlight to energy (autotrophs) 2. Chemosynthetic goldfish that convert pollution to food (autotrophs) 3. Aquatic humanoids whose main diet is aqua-wheat and basking sharks. They have fins instead of legs (heterotrophs) 4. Aqua-wheat: one of the few plants that remain, it is similar to algae. 5. Terrestrial Humanoids with 4 arms, their diet consists of butter-roaches and fuzzy hamsters. 6. Tentacled aqua humanoids, they only feed on aqua-wheat and have tentacles for arms and legs. 7. Cockroaches that feed on humanoid waste. 8. Giant Aqua-spiders that live in water and feed on goldfish and basking sharks. 9. Green-haired rats that are photosynthetic. 10. Parasitic mosquitoes that feed off any humanoid 11. Ten-legged fleas that live on the photosynthetic rats and drink blood. 12. Poison Grass - this plant is a hybrid between grass and poison ivy. The plants are toxic to almost everything (autotrophs) 13. Fuzzy hamsters with green hair that use the sunlight to make their food, thought to be related to the rats. 14. Butter-roaches: genetic engineering created these butterfly-like creatures from cockroaches. Butter-roaches eat poison grass. YOUR ASSIGNMENT 1. As an alien taxonomist, it is your responsibility to classify these existing organism types. a. Create a taxonomic scheme using only kingdom, phylum, genus, and species. The intermediate categories have been eliminated since the total number of species has been drastically reduced. (Two Kingdoms are recommended). Use the numbers of each organism to identify where they are placed on your chart. b. Create Latin-sounding names for each organism. Remember, these will be scientific names and will include the genus and species classification. Written in this form: Genus species 2. Illustrate your interpretation of each organism's appearance. Write the number and the name (from 1b) next to the drawing. 3. Prepare a dichotomous key for these organisms so that your fellow aliens can identify them when they come to Earth for their summer vacations. Remember that a dichotomous key is based on APPEARANCE of the organisms. Use your drawings to make the key 4. Diagram a food web using the organisms - at least four organisms should be used in your diagram.

please im not trying to let u do my hw just to help me out and explain to me dont just give me answers 1) DDT is an insecticide that was first used in the 1940s to kill mosquitoes and stop the spread of malaria. At first, it was very effective. However, over a period of years, people began to notice that it was becoming less and less effective. A possible explanation for this was that the insects were becoming resistant to the DDT. Explain how the resistance may have evolved. 2) Although wild turkeys can fly, domesticated turkeys cannot. Suppose that a population of domesticated turkeys escaped from a farm into a new enviroment. Give examples of enviromental conditions that might determine whether that population would survive over time. 3) Is protecting an endangered species upsetting the process of natural selection? Explain your answer. 4) Many species of birds build nests in which they lay eggs and raise hatched birds. How might nest-building behavior be an adaptation that helps ensure reproductive fitness? thanks to all that answer! 10 points to the best! i appreciate it!

1.The construction of housing developments on the beaches of southern California has resulted in the loss of areas with sufficient weeds to support certain butterflies. This can result in: a)natural selection. b)migration. c)increased mutation. d)population bottlenecks. 2.Human birth weights are an example of: a)species selection. b)stabilizing selection. c)directional selection. d)extreme selection. 3.In central Africa, the frequency (percentage) of the sickle-cell gene, compared to the normal gene, has remained stable over the years because the sickle-cell gene protects against malaria. In the United States, malaria was eradicated shortly before World War II by eliminating the mosquito that spreads the disease. What has likely happened to the frequency of the sickle-cell gene in African Americans living in the United States since the elimination of malaria? a)The frequency of the sickle-cell gene has increased. b)The normal gene has disappeared from the African American population. c)The sickle-cell gene has disappeared from the African American population. d)The frequency of the sickle-cell gene has decreased. 4.You are studying leaf size in a natural population of plants. The second season is particularly dry, and the following year the average leaf size in the population is smaller than the year before. But the amount of overall variation is the same, and the population size hasn't changed. Also, you've done experiments that show that small leaves are better adapted to dry conditions than are large leaves. Which of the following has occurred? a)disruptive selection b)genetic drift c)stabilizing selection d)directional selection 5.The term natural selection is not interchangeable with the term evolution because: a)Darwin coined the term natural selection, but not evolution. b)natural selection is just a theory, whereas evolution has been proven. c)natural selection does not always lead to evolution. d)a population may evolve in ways other than through natural selection. 6.Which phrase best defines gene pool? a)all the loci on one set of chromosomes in a population b)a group of genes that drift and flow c)all the alleles at one locus in a population d)all the alleles at all loci of all individuals of a population

The world has been evolved, not created. all that happens in the world depends on the forces, that prevail in it, and results according to law. modification of species has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous, successive, slight, favourable variations. I could find little evidence of the direct action of the environmentRead malthus on population and conceived the idea of natural selection as the result of struggle of existence. Ref: 1. Hutton, James, Theory of the Earth, Vol II, 1795 2. woodruff, L.L. Foundation of Biology, Chaptewr XXIX, 6th edition, 1941 3. Lull, Richard swan, organic evolution, 1917 ]Thank you for those who gave answer for my questions w (1) What is role of human being in nature? 2. What is role of monkey in nature and also significance in biological world? 3. What is meaning of term social class? 4. I want to get rid of mosquito from our surrounding. Which method is best?

i'm doing a thesis on the importance of learning and knowledge for my knowledge management msc. evolution means mother nature is learning too right. so i want to discuss that in my thesis bringing up darwins theory of evolution..the one where it goes like "if a species cant adopt to its environment it will die" sorta thing..like when u spray stuff on mosquitos the nex generation of mosquitos are immune to it. as this is a thesis i need to reference it. i still couldnt find a reference where it is explained in simple terms instead of goin to his natural selection theory. if you guys could give me a url where it is explained simply